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Build a Great Terminal

screenshot

▶ KEY TAKEAWAYS

  • We will install z shell (ZSH) and set it as the default shell.
  • Then we will install Oh-My-ZSH and configure it for awsomeness.
  • We will enable syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, History-substring-search, git integration and docker aliases!!
  • We will install Terminator which has tabs, logging, and several available plugins.
  • You will be the envy of your network engineering friends.

Change Shells

There are several shells available for Ubuntu. To name a few:

  • BASH - The default shell Ubuntu. This is the Bourne Again Shell first developed for the GNU Project by Brian Fox in 1989!
  • ZSH - My preferred shell! Zsh was created by Paul Falstad in 1990 while he was a student at Princeton University.
  • FISH - Friendly Interactive Shell is a smart and user-friendly command line shell for Linux, macOS, and the rest of the family.
  • KORN - The KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell and language based on the Bourne shell (sh) developed in the early 1980s.
  • Warp - This is a new, AI based terminal. I have it installed but haven't used it a much. Warp Website

A google search for Linux shells will return many articles on shells.

But I like zsh so that's the one I will cover. It is the standard on recent versions of macOS which is a plus for me since I use Linux and macOS depending on what I am doing.

There is a great add-on to zsh called “Oh My ZSH” which is an unbelievably active community that creates themes and plugins for zsh. We will install it after we install zsh.

Some zsh Features

  • Command-line completion.
  • History can be shared among all shells.
  • Extended file globbing.
  • Better variable and array handling.
  • Compatibility with shells like bourne shell.
  • Spelling correction and autofill of command names.
  • Named directories.

Installation Instructions

We will need curl installed before we start. curl is a tool for communicating with http servers. We will use it a lot in NetDevOps. If you have installed homebrew for Linux, still use the apt method. You can run into ssl issues if you use the homebrew curl and your system ssl is a different version. I spent hours troubleshooting curl and ssl issues before chatGPT explained the root cause to me.

Use:

sudo apt install curl

To install curl.

Open the terminal, ctrl+alt+t, and enter:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt install zsh

Check the version

zsh --version`

zsh 5.9 (x86_64-ubuntu-linux-gnu)

This is the current version as of December 2024

zsh uses a hidden file named `~/.zshrc as it's configuration file. BASH uses ~/.bashrc as its configuration file. You can list the files using:

ls -l ~/.*rc

You can check your current shell using the echo command:

echo $SHELL
/usr/bin/bash

or

echo $0
/usr/bin/bash

You can see that the current shell is bash

You can display all installed shells using:

cat /etc/shells

Run this to make zsh the default

chsh -s $(which zsh)

Verify that zsh is the new shell

grep zsh /etc/passwd
mhubbard:x:1000:1000:Michael Hubbard,,,:/home/mhubbard:/usr/bin/zsh

The file /etc/passwd contains the individual user settings. You can see that my shell is now /usr/bin/zsh.

Note

You must log out and back in to make zsh the active shell. I usually reboot at this point instead using sudo reboot now

Here is a link to a good article on changing shells.

Configure zsh

Once you log back in, open a terminal with ctrl+alt+t

You will get a message saying zsh needs some configuration:

This is the Z Shell configuration function for new users,
zsh-newuser-install.

You are seeing this message because you have no zsh startup files
(the files .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc, .zlogin in the directory
~).  This function can help you with a few settings that should
make your use of the shell easier.

You can:

(q)  Quit and do nothing.  The function will be run again next time.
(0)  Exit, creating the file ~/.zshrc containing just a comment.
     That will prevent this function being run again.
(1)  Continue to the main menu.
(2)  Populate your ~/.zshrc with the configuration recommended
     by the system administrator and exit (you will need to edit
     the file by hand, if so desired).

--- Type one of the keys in parentheses ---

Choose 0 to just create the .zshrc file and exit

We are going to install a tool called “Oh My ZSH” to customize the shell.

Install Oh My ZSH

The zsh project uses a shell script to install Oh My ZSH on your system. In general, you should never copy a shell script from Internet and run it wihtout carefully review it. There are a lot of malicious scripts on the Internet! But the zsh project is a FOSS project and you can trust the shell script. Plus, the shell script is not run with root privileges.

I have it here for convenience but you are free to go to the zsh project and copy the shell script from the official website.

sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"

When the install shell script starts you will see:

Found ~/.zshrc. Backing up to /home/mhubbard/.zshrc.pre-oh-my-zsh
Using the Oh My Zsh template file and adding it to ~/.zshrc.

Time to change your default shell to zsh:
Do you want to change your default shell to zsh? [Y/n] y
Changing the shell...
Password:
Shell successfully changed to '/usr/bin/zsh'.



         __                                     __
  ____  / /_     ____ ___  __  __   ____  _____/ /_
 / __ \/ __ \   / __ `__ \/ / / /  /_  / / ___/ __ \
/ /_/ / / / /  / / / / / / /_/ /    / /_(__  ) / / /
\____/_/ /_/  /_/ /_/ /_/\__, /    /___/____/_/ /_/
                        /____/                       ....is now installed!

Before you scream Oh My Zsh! please look over the ~/.zshrc file to select plugins, themes, and options.

• Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/ohmyzsh
• Join our Discord server: https://discord.gg/ohmyzsh
• Get stickers, shirts, coffee mugs and other swag: https://shop.planetargon.com/collections/oh-my-zsh

Install plugins

Open the .zshrc file using: nano ~/.zshrc or gnome-text-editor ~/.zshrc

Find the plugin line and change it to

plugins=(
            git
            zsh-completions
            zsh-autosuggestions
            history-substring-search
            colored-man-pages
            zsh-docker-aliases
        )

Download the plugins

Copy each of these lines and paste it into the terminal:

git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-completions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:=~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-completions

git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions

git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-history-substring-search ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-history-substring-search

git clone https://github.com/akarzim/zsh-docker-aliases.git  ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins/zsh-docker-aliases

Note

If you hover the mouse over the command it will bring up a copy to clipboard icon. Just click it and the command will be copied to the clipboard. This works everywhere in this document.

Update zsh

Anytime that you make changes to ~/.zshrc you have to reload the configuration. You do this at a terminal using exec zsh. If there are no errors, all that you will see in the terminal is a new line.

Set the default editor

Especially in the beginning, you will be making a lot of changes to .zshrc and you won't want to type nano ~/.zshrc or gnome-text-editor ~/.zshrc every time. First we will set the default editor. Open ~/.zshrc and search for export EDITOR. Then modify the configuration as follows:

# Preferred editor for local and remote sessions
if [[ -n $SSH_CONNECTION ]]; then
   export EDITOR='nano'
 else
   export EDITOR='subl'
 fi

This will make nano the default editor when you open a file over ssh and sublime text the default editor locally. If you haven't installed sublime text use the editor of your choice. For example, to use nano the line would be export EDITOR='nano'

Then add the following to ~/.zshrc:

# open ~/.zshrc in using the default editor specified in $EDITOR
alias ec="$EDITOR $HOME/.zshrc"
# rerun ~/.zshrc after making changes
alias sc="exec zsh"

----------------------------------------------- uses: actions/cache@v2 Close and reload the configuration using exec zsh

The code that we added has two aliases:

  • ec - Open ~/.zshrc in the default editor
  • sc - reload the zsh configuration using exec zsh

Now you can type ec to edit the .zshrc file and sc to reload zsh. These two aliases will save a ton of time when you are making changes to ~/.zshrc.

Plug-ins References

You can read the documentation for the plug-ins on their github repository

  • git - The git plugin provides many aliases and a few useful functions.
  • zsh completions - Additional completion definitions for Zsh
  • zsh autosuggestions - Fish-like fast/unobtrusive autosuggestions for zsh. It suggests commands as you type based on history and completions.
  • History Substring Search -This is a clean-room implementation of the Fish shell's history search feature, where you can type in any part of any command from history and then press chosen keys, such as the UP and DOWN arrows, to cycle through matches.
  • colored man pages - This plugin adds colors to man pages.
  • zsh docker aliases - Defines Docker aliases and functions.

install zsh-syntax-highlighting

The zsh-syntax-highlighting package ( z-sy-h) is a MUST. It does a lot but the most important to me is that as you start typing a command it will be red, as soon as the shell matches it, zsh-syntax-highlighting turns it green. It is hard to describe how useful this in on the terminal until you use it.

Installation Instructions

In zsh prior to 5.8 I used the zsh plugin to install z-sy-h. The install page now recommends installing z-sy-h manually instead of using the oh-my-zsh plugin. The installation instructions are here.

Luckily, z-sy-h is in the Ubuntu repository so installation of the package is simple. Here is how you would check if you weren’t sure

sudo apt search zsh-syntax-highlighting
zsh-syntax-highlighting/oracular,oracular 0.7.1-2 all

So now we know the package is named zsh-syntax-highlighting, we can install it using:

sudo apt install zsh-syntax-highlighting && echo "source /usr/share/zsh-syntax-highlighting/zsh-syntax-highlighting.zsh" >> ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.zshrc

These commands install the z-s-h package then echo the source command into the .zshrc file.

Now enter sc to reload zsh.

For reference, the last part of the echo command is a variable. We can echo it to the terminal using:

echo ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.zshrc
/home/mhubbard/.zshrc

Showing that my .zshrc is located at /home/mhubbard/ or the root of my home directory.

Note

In zsh newer than 5.8 (not including 5.8 itself), zsh-syntax-highlighting uses the add-zle-hook-widget facility to install a zle-line-pre-redraw hook. Hooks are run in order of registration, therefore, z-sy-h must be sourced (and register its hook) after anything else that adds hooks that modify the command-line buffer.

The line in the .zshrc file they are referring to is source /usr/share/zsh-syntax-highlighting/zsh-syntax-highlighting.zsh . I make it the last line to the .zshrc file.

Example of syntax highlighting

screenshot

screenshot

zsh Themes

Oh My ZSH offers a lot of themes. I found one that I really like called duellj. To install it, Open the .zshrc file using: nano ~/.zshrc or gnome-text-editor ~/.zshrc and change the ZSH-THEME line to: ZSH_THEME="duellj"

I also like “amuse”. It’s similar to duellj but doesn’t put the username/machine name in the terminal. Since I’m on my personal laptop I don’t need that information. To use “amuse”

ZSH_THEME="amuse"

You can put a # symbol in front of the theme line to comment it out. I leave both themes in my .zshrc file and then switch back and forth as needed.

Here is the prompt with amuse as the theme:

~/.config/terminator ⌚ 22:17:17
$

You can find all of the themes here: zsh themes

Don't forget to update .zshrc with sc in a terminal.

Auto Correction

Open the .zshrc file and search for ENABLE_CORRECTION. Delete the # symbol at the beginning of the line.

# Uncomment the following line to enable command auto-correction.
ENABLE_CORRECTION="true"

Save the .zshrc file and run sc in the terminal. Now for common typos you will see this prompt:

sl -l
zsh: correct 'sl' to 'ls' [nyae]? y
total 12K
-rw-r--r-- 1 mhubbard mhubbard 6.9K 2024-12-24 17:41 config
drwxrwxr-x 3 mhubbard mhubbard 4.0K 2024-12-18 15:40 plugins/

You can press:

  • y - for yes
  • n - for no
  • a - abort
  • e - edit

Aliases

zsh includes a lot of aliases and we added more with the git and docker aliases plug-ins. To see what aliases are available, open a terminal, ctrl+alt+t and type:

alias
-='cd -'
..='cd ..'
...='cd ../../../'
....='cd ../../../../'
.....=../../../..
......=../../../../..
1='cd -1'
2='cd -2'
3='cd -3'
4='cd -4'
5='cd -5'
6='cd -6'
7='cd -7'
8='cd -8'
9='cd -9'
_='sudo '
afind='ack -il'
back='cd $OLDPWD'
bd='. bd -si'
cat=bat
chmod='chmod -c'
cp='cp -iv'
df='df -h --exclude=squashfs'
diff='diff --color'

This is just a small sample of the available aliases. The ones related to changing directories are super useful. You need to spend some time building the muscle memory to use them.

  • The _=sudo ` - is another good one since you use sudo anytime that you need elevated privileges.
  • The cp=cp -iv` - adds an interactive prompt if you are copying and the target already exists.
  • The df=df -h --exclude=squashfs' - runs the Disk File usage command, the -h puts the ouput into "human readable' format and the --exclude=squashfs' hides squash files.

As you can see, you have some homework to do if you want to be outstanding at the terminal.

zsh_stats

zsh has a command that will output a list the top 20 commands you have executed. You can run it periodically and see what commands you are using the most. If possible, you can create an alias and save some typing.

zsh_stats
     1    1026  16.7374%   sudo
     2    312   5.08972%   cd
     3    262   4.27406%   nmap
     4    259   4.22512%   docker
     5    215   3.50734%   git
     6    182   2.969%     grep
     7    176   2.87113%   ping
     8    156   2.54486%   ssh
     9    144   2.3491%    ls
    10    143   2.33279%   mw-manuf
    11    130   2.12072%   ip
    12    121   1.9739%    cat
    13    102   1.66395%   l
    14    88    1.43556%   history
    15    87    1.41925%   nmcli
    16    86    1.40294%   man
    17    82    1.33768%   python3
    18    66    1.07667%   python
    19    60    0.978793%  exa
    20    59    0.96248%   j

If you are still using BASH you can use this to generate the list:

history 1 | awk '{CMD[$2]++;count++;}END { for (a in CMD)print CMD[a] " " CMD[a]/count*100 "% " a;}' | grep -v "./" | column -c3 -s " " -t | sort -nr | nl | head -n10

Useful shell scripts

You can include shell scripts in .zshrc. Here are two that I find very useful.

Path

This script displays the path with each statement on a separate line. I find it much easier to read the path that way. Open ~/zshrc and paste this script in. Then in the terminal use the sc alias we created to reload zsh.

# "path" shows current path, one element per line.
# If an argument is supplied, grep for it.
path() {
    test -n "$1" && {
        echo $PATH | perl -p -e "s/:/\n/g;" | grep -i "$1"
    } || {
        echo $PATH | perl -p -e "s/:/\n/g;"
    }
}

Now when we type path into the terminal we get:

 path
/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/bin
/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/sbin
/home/mhubbard/.local/bin
/home/mhubbard/.cargo/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/local/bin
/usr/sbin
/usr/bin
/sbin
/bin
/snap/bin
/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/opt/fzf/bin

Make dir

This script uses mkdir -p to create a directory, and if necessary, the parent path, then switches to the directory. Open ~/zshrc and paste this script in. Then in the terminal use the sc alias we created to reload zsh.

# Create a new directory and enter it
mkd() {
    mkdir -p "$@"
    cd "$@" || exit
}

Now type:

pwd
/home/mhubbard

~ ⌚ 20:09:57
$ mkd 01_test/test
mkdir: created directory '01_test'
mkdir: created directory '01_test/test'

~/01_test/test ⌚ 20:10:12

You can see that it created the parent directory, then the 01_test directory.

zsh custom dir

The .zshrc file is primary configuration file for zsh. But if you start creating a lot of aliases, shell scripts, etc. it will become too large to easily manage.

To solve this problem, oh-my-zsh provides a custom folder, ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom where you can create an additional configuration file. The file has to have zsh as the extension. I use my-aliases.zsh for mine. Having your custom aliases and shell scripts in a separate file makes locating your aliases easier.

I found this tip in a Linux administration handbook - preface your personal aliases with a couple unique letters and a dash. I use mw- to preface mine. In the terminal I can type mw- tab and get a list of all of my aliases:

mw-exa2 -a
mw-bauh              mw-ipen8             mw-nmshprofiles      mw-ssh-stop
mw-bright            mw-kbd               mw-nmshrun           mw-start
mw-chrome            mw-manuf             mw-nmshstate         mw-status
mw-cpu10             mw-mem10             mw-nmshwifi          mw-stop
mw-cpu5              mw-mem5              mw-nmshwifi-pw       mw-tftp
mw-dang              mw-mount             mw-nmwifi            mw-tftp-conf
mw-exa1              mw-nmcli-examples    mw-ntp               mw-tftp-fw
mw-exa2              mw-nmcli-vlan-dhcp   mw-ports             mw-tftp-stop
mw-extip             mw-nmcli-vlan-mac    mw-reload            mw-umount
mw-interface         mw-nmconnectprof     mw-restart           mw-vmnet
mw-interface-vlan    mw-nmlldp            mw-running_services  mw-vmnet-all
mw-ipen0             mw-nmsh-ap           mw-sensors           mw-vmware
mw-ipen6             mw-nmshipv4          mw-ssh

Without that trick I would never be able to remember all the aliases that I have created. I will include my-aliases.zsh at the end of this chapter. You can press tab to scroll through the aliases.

Copy BASH history

If you have been using bash for a while before installing zsh you will want to copy the history over to zsh.

I haven't used this script but it has a lot of positive comments in the repo.

Create the script

Create an empty text file in your text editor and paste the following into it. Save it as bash-to-zsh-hist.py.

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# This is how I used it:
# $ cat ~/.bash_history | python bash-to-zsh-hist.py >> ~/.zsh_history

import sys
import time


def main():
    timestamp = None
    for line in sys.stdin.readlines():
        line = line.rstrip('\n')
        if line.startswith('#') and timestamp is None:
            t = line[1:]
            if t.isdigit():
                timestamp = t
                continue
        else:
            sys.stdout.write(': %s:0;%s\n' % (timestamp or time.time(), line))
            timestamp = None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Run the script

cd ~/ && cp .bash_history .bash_history.bak && cat ~/.bash_history | python3 bash-to-zsh-hist.py >> ~/.zsh_history

Note

if zsh_history format is : 1670471184:0;cat ~/.zsh_history need use int(time.time()) at line 21 of the script

Here is the repository:

bash-to-zsh-hist.py

BAT

This is a great upgrade to the built in cat command. The automatic paging, syntax highlighting, Git integration and the ability to show non-printable characters makes replacing cat with bat a no brainer.

There are a lot of other features to bat. You should review the official Git repository at bat

Syntax highlighting

bat supports syntax highlighting for a large number of programming and markup languages:

screenshot

Git integration

bat communicates with git to show modifications with respect to the index (see left side bar):

screenshot

Show non-printable characters

You can use the -A/--show-all option to show and highlight non-printable characters. There are some malicious text files that embed non-printing characters. Use this method so see them.

screenshot

Installation Instructions

Note

I now install bat with homebrew instead of apt using brew install bat. The Homebrew package is coved in another chapter.

Download the latest .deb package from the release page bat and install it via:

sudo dpkg -i bat-musl_0.24.0_amd64.deb # adapt version number and architecture

Warning

If you install bat this way, please note that the executable may be installed as batcat instead of bat (due to a name clash with another package). Although I have not ever had this happen.

If this happens, you can set up a bat -> batcat symlink or alias to prevent any issues that may come up because of this and to be consistent with other distributions:

mkdir -p ~/.local/bin ln -s /usr/bin/batcat ~/.local/bin/bat

If you want to use an alias instead of a symlink, add

alias cat='batcat'

to ~/.zshrc

Hubbard's .zshrc file

Hubbard's .zshrc file
# If you come from bash you might have to change your $PATH.
export PATH=$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH

# Path to your oh-my-zsh installation.
export ZSH="/home/mhubbard/.oh-my-zsh"

# Set name of the theme to load --- if set to "random", it will
# load a random theme each time oh-my-zsh is loaded, in which case,
# to know which specific one was loaded, run: echo $RANDOM_THEME
# See https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/wiki/Themes
# ZSH_THEME="duellj"
ZSH_THEME="amuse"

# Set list of themes to pick from when loading at random
# Setting this variable when ZSH_THEME=random will cause zsh to load
# a theme from this variable instead of looking in $ZSH/themes/
# If set to an empty array, this variable will have no effect.
# ZSH_THEME_RANDOM_CANDIDATES=( "robbyrussell" "agnoster" )

# Uncomment the following line to use case-sensitive completion.
# CASE_SENSITIVE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to use hyphen-insensitive completion.
# Case-sensitive completion must be off. _ and - will be interchangeable.
# HYPHEN_INSENSITIVE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to disable bi-weekly auto-update checks.
# DISABLE_AUTO_UPDATE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to automatically update without prompting.
# DISABLE_UPDATE_PROMPT="true"

# Uncomment the following line to change how often to auto-update (in days).
# export UPDATE_ZSH_DAYS=13

# Uncomment the following line if pasting URLs and other text is messed up.
# DISABLE_MAGIC_FUNCTIONS="true"

# Uncomment the following line to disable auto-setting terminal title.
# DISABLE_AUTO_TITLE="true"

# Uncomment the following line to enable command auto-correction.
ENABLE_CORRECTION="true"

# Uncomment the following line to display red dots whilst waiting for completion.
# Caution: this setting can cause issues with multiline prompts (zsh 5.7.1 and newer seem to work)
# See https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/issues/5765
# COMPLETION_WAITING_DOTS="true"

# Uncomment the following line if you want to disable marking untracked files
# under VCS as dirty. This makes repository status check for large repositories
# much, much faster.
# DISABLE_UNTRACKED_FILES_DIRTY="true"

# Uncomment the following line if you want to change the command execution time
# stamp shown in the history command output.
# You can set one of the optional three formats:
# "mm/dd/yyyy"|"dd.mm.yyyy"|"yyyy-mm-dd"
# or set a custom format using the strftime function format specifications,
# see 'man strftime' for details.
# HIST_STAMPS="mm/dd/yyyy"

# Would you like to use another custom folder than $ZSH/custom?
# ZSH_CUSTOM=/path/to/new-custom-folder

# Which plugins would you like to load?
# Standard plugins can be found in $ZSH/plugins/
# Custom plugins may be added to $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/
# Example format: plugins=(rails git textmate ruby lighthouse)
# Add wisely, as too many plugins slow down shell startup.
plugins=(
    git
    zsh-completions
    zsh-autosuggestions
    zsh-syntax-highlighting
    history-substring-search
    aliases
    colored-man-pages
    zsh-docker-aliases
)

source $ZSH/oh-my-zsh.sh

# User configuration

# export MANPATH="/usr/local/man:$MANPATH"

# You may need to manually set your language environment
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

# Preferred editor for local and remote sessions
if [[ -n $SSH_CONNECTION ]]; then
   export EDITOR='gedit'
 else
   export EDITOR='subl'
 fi

# Compilation flags
# export ARCHFLAGS="-arch x86_64"

# Set personal aliases, overriding those provided by oh-my-zsh libs,
# plugins, and themes. Aliases can be placed here, though oh-my-zsh
# users are encouraged to define aliases within the ZSH_CUSTOM folder.
# For a full list of active aliases, run `alias`.
#
# Example aliases
# alias zshconfig="mate ~/.zshrc"
# alias ohmyzsh="mate ~/.oh-my-zsh"
# alias python=python3
# alias pip=pip3

# open ~/.zshrc in using the default editor specified in $EDITOR
alias ec="$EDITOR $HOME/.zshrc"
# rerun ~/.zshrc after making changes
alias sc="exec zsh"

eval "$(/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/bin/brew shellenv)"

# Zoxide https://github.com/ajeetdsouza/zoxide
eval "$(zoxide init zsh)"
[ -f ~/.fzf.zsh ] && source ~/.fzf.zsh

# Configure fzf
eval "$(fzf --zsh)"

zsh References

Install zsh in Ubuntu - The Tecmint site has a tutorial for installing zsh

Additional tools